2,051
edits
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From DMC
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DMC/SandT/24/05
'''England'''
'''MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company S.A. v Conti 11. Container Schiffahrts – GmbH & Co KG MS & Others (The “MSC Flaminia” (No. 2))'''
English Court of Appeal: Males and Falk LJJ and Sir Launcelot Henderson: [2023] EWCA Civ 1007: 1 September 2023:[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/MSC_Mediterranean_Shipping_S.A._v_Conti_11_Container_Schiffarhts_GmbH_KG_MS_&_Others_-_The_MSC_Flaminia_No.2]]
Judgment Available on BAILII @ https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2023/1007.html
'''TIME CHARTER: 1976 CONVENTION ON LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR MARITIME CLAIMS: WHETHER TIME CHARTERERS ENTITLED TO LIMIT THEIR LIABILITY UNDER ARTICLE 2 OF 1976 CONVENTION AGAINST HEAD OWNERS FOR CONSEQUENCES OF EXPLOSION LEADING TO FIRE ON BOARD VESSEL, DESTROYING HUNDREDS OF CONTAINERS, CAUSING EXTENSIVE DAMAGE TO VESSEL AND INCURRING SUBSTANTIAL EXPENSES RELATED TO REPAIRS TO VESSEL: APPEAL ON A QUESTION OF LAW''''
DMC/SandT/24/02
'''England'''
'''Litasco SA v Der Mond Oil & Gas Africa SA'''
'''English Commercial Court: Foxton J: [2023] EWHC 2866 (Comm): 15 November 2023:[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Litasco_SA_v_Der_Mond_Oil_and_Gas_SA]]
Judgment Available on BAILII @ https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Comm/2023/2866.html
'''APPLICATION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON CLAIM FOR UNPAID PART OF PURCHASE PRICE FOR CRUDE OIL: TRADE SANCTIONS: WHETHER APPLICABLE UNDER RELEVANT CONTRACT: WHETHER 2019 REGULATIONS APPLIED: WHETHER PRESIDENT PUTIN'S POSITION AS HEAD OF A COMMAND ECONOMY MEANT THAT HE WAS IN "CONTROL" OF ANY PARTY TO THESE PROCEEDINGS: WHETHER THERE WAS ANY COMPELLING REASON WHY THE DISPUTE SHOULD GO TO TRIAL'''
'''DMC/SandT/22/13
'''England'''
'''NKD Maritime Ltd v Bart Maritime (No. 2) Inc (The “Shagang Giant”)'''
'''English Commercial Court: Butcher J: [2022] EWHC 1615 (Comm): 24 June 2022:[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/NKD_Maritime_v_Bart_Maritime_No.2_-_The_Shagang_Giant]]
Judgment Available on BAILII @ https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Comm/2022/1615.html
'''VESSEL SALE AND PURCHASE AGREEMENT (“MOA”): SHIPBREAKING: BUYER PAID INITIAL PAYMENT DUE TO SELLER UNDER MOA: BUYER LATER TERMINATED THE MOA AND CLAIMED BACK THE INITIAL PAYMENT: SELLER ACCEPTED TERMINATION AS REPUDIATION OF MOA AND CLAIMED DAMAGES FOR BREACH: WHETHER TERMINATION OF MOA VALID: WHETHER LOCKDOWN MEASURES OR RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY INDIAN GOVERMENT AS A RESULT OF THE ONSET OF COVID-19 CONSTITUTED OR GAVE RISE TO A RELEVANT FORCE MAJEURE EVENT'''
DMC/SandT/22/12
'''England'''
'''Pacific Pearl Co Ltd v Osios David Shipping Ltd (The “Panamax Alexander” and “Osios David”)'''
'''English Court of Appeal: Lewison, Males and Snowden LLJ: [2022] EWCA Civ 798: 14 June 2022:[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Pacific_Pearl_Co_v_Osios_David_Shipping_-_The_Panamax_Alexander_and_Osios_David)]]
Judgment Available on BAILII @ https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2022/798.html
'''COLLISION BETWEEN SHIPS: SECURITY AND JURISDICTION: STANDARD FORM WORDINGS OF ADMIRALTY SOLICITORS’ GROUP: ASG 1 – LETTER OF UNDERTAKING (“LOU”): ASG 2 – COLLISION JURISDICTION AGREEMENT: FORMS DESIGNED TO BE USED TOGETHER: PER ASG 2, SECURITY TO BE PROVIDED “IN A REASONABLY SATISFACTORY FORM TO THE OTHER [PARTY]”: WHETHER ADDITION OF INTERNATIONAL GROUP OF P&I CLUBS’ APPROVED SANCTIONS CLAUSE TO ASG 1 LOU WORDING RENDERED IT UNSATISFACTORY: WHETHER A PARTY IS OBLIGED TO ACCEPT REASONABLY SATISFACTORY SECURITY'''
DMC/SandT/22/11
'''England'''
'''Nautical Challenge Ltd v Evergreen Marine (UK) Limited [2022] EWHC 206 (Admlty)'''
High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Division, Admiralty Court: Sir Nigel Teare, with Commodore Walworth and Captain Barker, Elder Brethren of Trinity House, as Nautical Assessors: [[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Nautical_Challenge_v_Evergreen_Marine_UK_-_The_Alexandra_1_and_the_Ever_Smart]]
'''COLLISION: APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY: CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA 1972 (COLREGS): CROSSING RULE (RULE 15): NARROW CHANNEL RULE (RULE 9): ACTION BY GIVE-WAY VESSEL (RULE 16): ACTION BY STAND-ON VESSEL (RULE 17): CAUSATIVE POTENCY: RELATIVE BLAMEWORHTINESS: COMPELLING NECESSITY'''
DMC/SandT/22/08
'''England'''
'''A v B [2021] EWHC 793 (Comm)'''
'''English High Court, Queen's Bench Division: Henshaw J: 31 March 2021:[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/A_v_B]]
Judgment available on BAILII @ https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/ew/cases/EWHC/Comm/2021/793.html&query=(.2021.)+AND+(EWHC)+AND+(793)+AND+((Comm))
'''SALE OF GOODS: BUYERS MAKING INVALID NOMINATION OF VESSEL AND SELLERS PURPORTING TO TERMINATE CONTRACT: WHETHER INVALID NOMINATION A BREACH OF CONDITION: WHETHER NOMINATED VESSEL HAD TO HAVE BEEN ALREADY CHARTERED BY BUYERS: WHETHER BUYERS’ OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE COPY OF CHARTERPARTY AT "SELLERS' FIRST REQUEST" WAS A CONDITION'''
DMC/SandT/22/06
'''England'''
'''CVLC THREE CARRIER CORP & ANOR v. ARAB MARITIME PETROLEUM TRANSPORT COMPANY [2021] EWHC 551 (Comm)'''
'''English High Court: Commercial Court: Mrs Justice Cockerill DBE: 11 March 2021: [[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/CVLC_Three_Carrier_Corp_v_Arab_Maritime_Petroleum_Transport_Company]]
Judgment available on BAILII @ https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Comm/2021/551.html
'''CHALLENGE TO ARBITRATION AWARD FOR ERROR OF LAW UNDER S.69 ARBITRATION ACT 1996: WHETHER TRIBUNAL ERRED IN LAW IN IMPLYING A TERM PRECLUDING CREDITORS’ RIGHT TO SEEK ADDITIONAL SECURITY FOR ALLEGED BREACH BY PERFORMANCE GUARANTOR UNDER THE CONTRACT OF GUARANTEE.'''
DMC/SandT/22/04
'''England'''
'''Stema Shipping (UK) Limited & Others v RTE, Réseau de Transport d’Electricité SA & Others (The “Stema Barge II”)'''
'''Court of Appeal: Phillips LJ, Sir David Richards and Sir Launcelot Henderson: [2021] EWCA Civ 1880: 15 December 2021: [[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Stema_Shipping_(UK)_v_RTE_-_The_Stema_Barge_II]]
Judgment Available on BAILII @ https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2021/1880.html
'''LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: CONVENTION ON LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR MARITIME CLAIMS 1976: INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 1(2): MEANING OF “MANAGER OR OPERATOR OF A SEAGOING SHIP”: ANCHOR OF UNMANNED BARGE CAUSING DAMAGE TO ELECTRICITY CABLE'''
DMC/SandT/22/02
'''England'''
'''M/V Pacific Pearl Co. Limited v Osios David Shipping Inc.'''
'''High Court, Queen’s Bench Division, Commercial Court: Sir Nigel Teare: [2021] EWHC 2808 (Comm), 21 October 2021:
[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/M/V_Pacific_Pearl_Co._Limited_v_Osios_David_Shipping_Inv]]
'''COLLISION BETWEEN SHIPS: SECURITY AND JURISDICTION: STANDARD FORM WORDINGS OF ADMIRALTY SOLICITORS GROUP: ASG 1 - LETTER OF UNDERTAKING: ASG 2 - COLLISION JURISDICTION AGREEMENT: FORMS DESIGNED TO BE USED TOGETHER: UNDER ASG 2, SECURITY TO BE PROVIDED “IN A REASONABLY SATISFACTORY FORM”: WHETHER PRESENCE OF SANCTIONS CLAUSE IN ASG 1 RENDERS IT NOT REASONABLY SATISFACTORY SECURITY UNDER ASG 2: RISK OF NON-PAYMENT: WHETHER A PARTY IS OBLIGED TO ACCEPT SECURITY THAT IS IN REASONABLY SATISFACTORY FORM'''
DMC/SandT/21/19
'''Singapore'''
'''Charles Lim Teng Siang and another v Hong Choon Hau and another [2021] SGCA 43'''
'''In the Court of Appeal of the Republic of Singapore: Civil Appeal No 49 of 2020 in the matter of Suit 920 of 2018: Decision of the Court of Appeal (delivered by Steven Chong JCA), 1 March 2021: Sundaresh Menon CJ, Judith Prakash JCA, Belinda Ang Saw Ean JAD, Andrew Phang Boon Leong JCA, Steven Chong JCA:[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.phpCharles_Lim_Teng_Siang_v_Hong_Choon_Hau]]
'''CONTRACT: NO-ORAL MODIFCIATION (NOM) CLAUSE: PREVENTION OF VARIATION, SUPPLEMENT, DELETION AND REPLACEMENT OF TERMS OF CONTRACT UNLESS BY WRITING AND SIGNED BY OR ON BEHALF OF ALL PARTIES: WHETHER APPLICABLE TO RESCISSION: EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INTENTION TO DEPART FROM NOM CLAUSE'''
DMC/SandT/21/13
'''England'''
'''Jiangsu Guoxin Corporation Ltd v Precious Shipping Public Co. Ltd [2020] EWHC 1030 (Comm)'''
'''English Commercial Court: Mr Justice Butcher:[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Jiangsu_Guoxin_Corporation_v_Precious_Shipping_Public_Co.]]
'''SHIPBUILDING CONTRACT ON AMENDED SAJ FORM: SELLER CONTENDED UNLAWFUL REJECTION BY BUYER: REPUDIATORY BREACH: PARTIAL FINAL AWARDS: APPEAL UNDER S69 OF ARBITRATION ACT 1996: APPLICATION OF THE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE: DEFINITION OF PERMISSBILE DELAYS UNDER ARTICLE VIII.1: NOTICE PROVISIONS FOR EXTENSIONS OF TIME UNDER ARTICLE VIII.2'''
DMC/SandT/21/11
'''England'''
'''Alpha Marine Corp v Minmetals Logistics Zhejiang Co Ltd (The “Smart”)'''
'''English Commercial Court: Butcher J: [2021] EWHC 1157 (Comm): 5 May 2021:[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Alpha_Marine_v_Minmetals_Logistics_Zhejiang_-_The_Smart]]
'''TIMECHARTER: OWNERS’ BILLS OF LADING ISSUED INCORPORATING (SUB) VOYAGE CHARTER TERMS: FREIGHT DEEMED EARNED ON LOADING CARGO AND TO BE PAID WITH 45 DAYS AND AFTER RECEIPT OF FREIGHT INVOICE: WHETHER IMPLIED TERM THAT OWNERS WOULD NOT DIRECT PAYMENT TO THEMSELVES OF FREIGHT DUE UNDER BILLS OF LADING WHERE NOTHING WAS DUE TO THEM UNDER THE TIMECHARTER: SECTION 69 APPEAL ON POINT OF LAW UNDER ARBITRATION ACT 1996'''
DMC/SandT/21/07
'''Singapore'''
'''(1) POS Maritime NX S.A. & (2) Pan Ocean Co. Ltd. v. The Owners/bareboat Charterers of MV Caraka Jaya Niaga III-11 - The Caraka Jaya Niaga III-11'''
'''High Court of Singapore: Decision delivered by Judicial Commissioner S Mohan: [2021] SGHC 43: 22 February 2021: [[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/The_Caraka_Jaya_Niaga_III_11]'''
'''COLLISION: BOTH VESSELS TO BLAME: PLAINTIFFS’ CLAIM ISSUED IN TIME: DEFENDANT’S COUNTERCLAIM ISSUED OUT OF TIME: MARITIME CONVENTIONS ACT OF SINGAPORE: WHETHER COUNTERCLAIM STILL QUALIFIED FOR APPLICATION OF ADMIRALTY SINGLE LIABILITY PRINCIPLE'''
DMC/SandT/21/03
'''England'''
'''Palmali Shipping SA v Litasco SA'''
'''English Commercial Court: Foxton J: [2020] EWHC 2581 (Comm): 1 October 2020:[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Palmali_Shipping_v_Litasco]]
'''CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHTMENT (“COA”): OWNERS CLAIMING FOR LOSS OF PROFIT DUE TO CHARTERERS’ FAILURE TO PERFORM SHIPMENTS: OWNERS HAD OPTION TO USE OWN COMPANY GROUP FLEET VESSELS OR THIRD PARTY CHARTERED IN VESSELS TO PERFORM SHIPMENTS: WHETHER OWNERS HAD TO ACCOUNT FOR EXPENSES OF OWN FLEET TO PERFORM SHIPMENTS WHEN QUANTIFYING DAMAGES TO REFLECT NET LOSS OF PROFIT IN SAME WAY AS WHEN INCURRING FREIGHT, DEMURRAGE AND PORT CHARGES WHEN USING THIRD PARTY VESSELS TO PERFORM SHIPMENTS: CHARTERERS’ SUMMARY JUDGMENT APPLICATION'''
DMC/SandT/21/01
'''England'''
'''English Admiralty Court'''
'''1) Splitt Chartering APS (2) Stema Shipping A/S (3) Stema Shipping (UK) Limted & Ors v SAGA Shipholding Norway AS and RTE Reseau de Transport d’Electricité SA & Ors: [2020] EWHC 1294 (Admlty) Queen’s Bench Division (Admiralty Court); Teare J; 22 May 2020;[[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Splitt_Chartering_&_Ors_v_SAGA_Shipholding_&_Ors]]'''
'''LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: CONVENTION ON LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR MARITIME CLAIMS 1976: INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 1(2): MEANING OF “MANAGER OR OPERATOR OF A SEAGOING SHIP”: ANCHOR OF UNMANNED BARGE CAUSING DAMAGE TO ELECTRICITY CABLE'''
DMC/SandT/20/14
'''Singapore'''
'''China Coal Solution (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Avra Commodities Pte Ltd'''
'''Court of Appeal of the Republic of Singapore [2020] SGCA 81, 20 August 2020: Decision of the Court of Appeal delivered by Judith Prakash, JA: [[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/China_Coal_Solution_(Singapore)_v_Avra_Commodities]]
'''ALLEGED BREACH OF TRADING CONTRACT: WHETHER CONTRACT HAD BEEN FINALLY CONCLUDED: RELEVANCE OF STANDARD TERMS AND CONDITIONS: RELEVANCE OF PREVIOUS DEALINGS BETWEEN THE PARTIES'''
DMC/SandT/20/11
'''England'''
'''Cargill International Trading Pte Ltd v Uttam Galva Steels Limited (Commercial Court): Bryan J: [2019] EWHC 476 (Comm): 28 February 2019: [[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Cargill_International_Trading_v_Uttam_Galva_Steels]]
'''SUMMARY JUDGMENT: CONTRACT TERM: DEFAULT COMPENSATION CLAUSE: INTEREST RATE: WHETHER UNENFORCEABLE AS A PENALTY: WHETHER INCORPORATED INTO RELEVANT CONTRACT: WHETHER ONEROUS OR UNUSUAL TERM: ILLEGALITY UNDER INDIAN LAW'''
DMC/SandT/20/10
'''England'''
'''Ocean Perfect Shipping Limited v Dampskibsselskabet Norden AS'''
'''English Queen’s Bench (Commercial Court): Teare J: [2019] EWHC 3368 (Comm): 6 December 2019: [[https://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Ocean_Perfect_Shipping_v_Dampskibsselskabet_Norden_AS]'''
'''BRITISH REGISTERED VESSEL: GROUNDING WHILST ON CHARTER: MARITIME CASUALTY: MARINE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION BRANCH (MAIB) SAFETY INVESTIGATION REPORT: MERCHANT SHIPPING (ACCIDENT REPORT AND INVESTIGATION) REGULATIONS 2012: WHETHER ARBITRATION JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS: WHETHER REPORT TO BE ADMITTED: COURT’S PERMISSION: DISCRETION'''
DMC/SandT/18/04
England
'''Glencore Energy UK Ltd v OMV Supply & Trading Ltd (The “Seagrace”)'''/
English Commercial Court: Sir Ross Cranston: [2018] EWHC 895 (Comm): 23 April 2018: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Glencore_Energy_v_OMV_Supply_and_Trading_-_The_Seagrace]
'''CFR SALES CONTRACT: BP CFR SALES TERMS: BPVOY4 FORM: VESSEL WAITING OFFSHORE EN ROUTE TO PORT OF DISCHARGE AT REQUEST OF BUYERS: SELLERS CLAIM FOR DETENTION BASED ON IMPLIED CONTRACT: WHETHER CLAIM FOR WAITING OFFSHORE WAS A DEMURRAGE CLAIM: WHETHER CLAIM TIME-BARRED DUE TO NON-COMPLIANCE WITH DEMURRAGE CLAIMS PRESENTATION CLAUSE DEADLINE'''
DMC/SandT/17/12
Singapore
'''DSA Consultancy (FZC) v The “Eurohope”'''
'''Singapore High Court; Chua Lee Ming J; [2017] SGHC 218: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/DSA_Consultancy_(FZC)_v_The_Eurohope]]
'''ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION: ARREST TO OBTAIN SECURITY IN AID OF FOREIGN COURT PROCEEDINGS'''
DMC/SandT/17/09
Singapore
'''The “Posidon” and another matter'''
'''Singapore High Court; Belinda Ang Saw Ean J; [2017] SGHC 138:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/The_Posidon]]
'''CLAIMS AGAINST SHIP SALE PROCEEDS: PRIORITIES: CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH ESTABLISHED ORDER OF PRIORITIES MAY BE DEPARTED FROM: CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH NECESSARIES CLAIM MAY RANK ABOVE MORTGAGEE’S CLAIM: WHETHER REQUIREMENT OF KNOWLEDGE OF NATURE AND EXTENT OF EXPENDITURE DIFFERS FOR DIFFERENT KINDS OF NECESSARIES CLAIMS'''
DMC/SandT/17/06
England
'''Bahamas Oil Refining Company International Limited v Cape Bari Tankschiffahrts GmbH & Co KG (The “Cape Bari”)'''
'''Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: Neuberger, Mance, Clarke, Sumption and Toulson SCJJ: [2016] UKPC 20: 19 July 2016:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Bahamas_Oil_Refining_Company_v_Cape_Bari_Tankschiffahrts_-_The_Cape_Bari]]'''
'''CONDITIONS OF USE OF BERTH: COLLISION BETWEEN VESSEL AND BERTH: WHETHER – UNDER CONDITIONS OF USE OF BERTH - VESSEL CAN CONTRACT OUT OF OR WAIVE STATUTORY RIGHT TO LIMIT LABILITY: WHETHER UNDER CONDITIONS OF USE VESSEL DID CONTRACT OUT OF OR WAIVE RIGHT TO LIMIT: MERCHANT SHIPPING (MARITIME CLAIMS LIMITATION OF LIABILITY) ACT 1989 OF THE BAHAMAS: CONVENTION ON LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR MARITIME CLAIMS 1976'''
DMC/SandT/17/05
England
'''Oldendorff GmbH & Co KG v Sea Powerful II Special Maritime Enterprises (The “Zagora”)'''
'''English High Court (Commercial Court): Mr Justice Teare: [2016] EWHC 3212; 15 December 2016:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Oldendorff_GmbH_v_Sea_Powerful_II_Special_Maritime_Enterprises_The_Zagora]]'''
'''LETTER OF INDEMNITY: WHETHER THE DISCHARGE PORT AGENT WAS ACTING ON BEHALF OF THE SHIPOWNERS OR THE PERSON NAMED IN THE LETTER OF INDEMNITY AS THE PERSON TO WHOM DELIVERY OF THE CARGO WAS TO BE MADE'''
DMC/SandT/17/04
England
'''MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company S.A. v Cottonex Anstalt'''
'''Court of Appeal; Moore-Bick and Tomlinson LJJ, Keehan J.; [2016] EWCA Civ 789; 27 July 2016:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/MSC_Mediterranean_Shipping_Company_v_Cottonex_Anstalt]]
'''CONTAINER DEMURRAGE: FRUSTRATION: REPUDIATION AND LEGITIMATE INTEREST: GOOD FAITH: PENALTIES'''
DMC/SandT/16/07
England
'''FSL-9 Pte Ltd and Nordic Tankers Trading A/S v Norwegian Hull Club (The “FSL New York”)'''
'''English Commercial Court: Blair J: [2016] EWHC 1091 (Comm): 10 May 2016: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/FSL-9_Pte_&_Nordic_Tankers_Trading_v_Norwegian_Hull_Club_-_The_FSL_New_York]]
'''LETTER OF UNDERTAKING: P&I CLUB: WHETHER CLAIMANT OWNERS COULD APPLY TO HIGH COURT TO REQUIRE DEFENDANT P&I CLUB TO INCREASE LEVEL OF SECURITY AVAILABLE UNDER A LETTER OF UNDERTAKING ISSUED BY THE CLUB TO OWNERS: MEANING OF “LIBERTY TO APPLY” IN LETTER OF UNDERTAKING SUBJECT TO ENGLISH LAW AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF HIGH COURT IN LONDON'''
DMC/SandT/16/05
'''England'''
'''PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC & Product Shipping and Trading SA v OW Bunker Malta Limited & ING Bank NV, the “RES COGITANS”'''
'''Supreme Court; Lords Neuberger, Mance, Clarke, Hughes, Toulson; [2016] UKSC 23, 11 May 2016: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/PST_Energy_7__Shipping_v_OW_Bunker_Malta_-_The_Res_Cogitans]]
'''RETENTION OF TITLE CLAUSE; GOODS CONTEMPLATED TO BE CONSUMED BEFORE TITLE PASSED; SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979 INAPPLICABLE; COMMENTS ON POSITION IF SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979 APPLIED'''
DMC/SandT/16/04
'''England'''
'''Crescendo Maritime Co. & Alpha Bank AE v Bank of Communications Co Ltd & Ors.'''
'''English High Court; Teare J; [2015] EWHC 3364 (Comm), 25 November 2015: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Crescendo_Maritime_&_Alpha_Bank_v_Bank_of_Communications_&_Ors]]'''
'''BACK-DATED SHIPBUILDING CONTRACT: REFUND GUARANTEES: ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS: ACTION COMMENCED IN CHINESE COURTS BY A PARTY TO THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT: BREACH OF ARBITRATION AGREEMENT:WHETHER AN ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTION SHOULD BE ISSUED:: WHETHER CHINESE PROCEEDINGS A COLLATERAL ATTACK ON ARBITRATION AWARD'''
DMC/SandT/15/17
'''England'''
'''PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC & Product Shipping and Trading SA v OW Bunker Malta Limited & ING Bank NV, the “RES COGITANS”'''
'''Court of Appeal; Moore-Bick, Longmore, McCombe LJJ; [2015] EWCA Civ 1058, 22 October 2015: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/PST_Energy_7_Shipping_v_OW_Bunker_Malta_&_ING_Bank_-_the_RES_COGITANS''']]
'''ARBITRATION ACT 1996 SECTION 69 APPEAL: SUPPLY OF BUNKERS: RETENTION OF TITLE CLAUSE: CONTEMPLATED THAT GOODS WOULD BE CONSUMED BEFORE TITLE PASSED: NO PASSING OF PROPERTY INTENDED: SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979 INAPPLICABLE'''
DMC/SandT/15/16
'''Singapore'''
'''Equatorial Marine Fuel Management Services Pte Ltd v MISC Berhad, the “BUNGA MELATI 5”'''
'''High Court; Prakash J; [2015] SGHC 190, 22 July 2015:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Equatorial_Marine_Fuel_Management_Services_v_MISC_Bhd_-_The_Bunga_Melati_5]]
'''BUNKER BROKERS: AGENCY: ACTUAL AUTHORITY, APPARENT AUTHORITY, AND ESTOPPEL: NO GENERAL ‘DUTY TO SPEAK’'''
DMC/SandT/15/15
'''England'''
'''Arnold v Britton'''
'''UK Supreme Court: Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury PSC, Lord Sumption, Lord Carnwath, Lord Hughes, Lord Hodge JJSC: [2015] UKSC 36, [2015] 2 WLR 1593: 10 June 2015:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Arnold_v_Britton]]
'''LANDLORD AND TENANT: LONG RESIDENTIAL LEASES: INCREASE OF SERVICE CHARGE AT YEARLY RATE OF 10% ON COMPOUND BASIS: CONTRACTUAL INTERPRETATION: CONTROL OF PARTIES OVER LANGUAGE USED IN CONTRACT: THAT CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENT WORKED OUT BADLY FOR ONE PARTY NO REASON FOR DEPARTING FROM NATURAL LANGUAGE'''
DMC/SandT/15/14
'''England'''
'''Bunge SA v Nidera BV'''
'''UK Supreme Court: Lords Neuberger, Mance, Clarke, Sumption and Toulson: [2015] UKSC 437: 1 July 2015:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Bunge_SA_v_Nidera_BV]]
'''INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS: DAMAGES: SALE OF GRAIN BASED ON GAFTA FORM 49: EMBARGO ON EXPORTS: PREMATURE TERMINATION OF CONTRACT BY SELLERS BEFORE EMBARGO TOOK EFFECT: ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT EFFECT OF EMBARGO: NO LOSS SUFFERED BY BUYERS'''
DMC/SandT/15/13
'''The Netherlands'''
'''The Kingdom of The Netherlands v Owners of the yacht Qubio – “The Qubio”'''
'''Supreme Court of the Netherlands: Vice-President F.B. Bakels as chairman and judges G. Snijders, G. de Groot, M.V. Polak and T.H. Tanja-van den Broek'; 10 July 2015, Case no. ECLI:NL:HR:2015:1836:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/The_Kingdom_of_The_Netherlands_v_Owners_of_Yacht_Qubio]]'''
'''WRECK OF VESSEL: EXTENSION OF LIABILITY OF THE OWNER OF A SUNKEN VESSEL TO PAY FOR COSTS OF MARKING THE WRECK AS A TEMPORARY OR PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE'''
DMC/SandT/15/12
'''Singapore'''
'''Precious Shipping Public Company Ltd & Ors v OW Bunker Far East (Singapore) Pte Ltd & Ors and other matters'''
'''Singapore High Court; Chong J; [2015] SGHC 187, 21 July 2015: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Precious_Shipping_&_Ors_v_OW_Bunker_Far_East_&_Ors]]
'''WHETHER INTERPLEADER RELIEF AVAILABLE TO ULTIMATE PURCHASERS OF BUNKERS: WHETHER POTENTIAL CLAIMS BY PHYSICAL SUPPLIERS (WHO SOLD THOSE BUNKERS TO INTERMEDIATE BUYERS) WERE SUFFICIENT TO FOUND THE COURT’S INTERPLEADER JURISDICTION'''
DMC/SandT/15/11
'''England'''
'''Glencore Energy UK Ltd v Cirrus Oil Services Ltd'''
'''English High Court (Commercial Court): Cooke J: [2014] EWHC 87 (Comm), [2014] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 1: 24 January 2014::[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Glencore_Energy_UK_v_Cirrus_Oil_Services]]
'''CONTRACT FOR SALE OF OIL BLEND: WHETHER A BINDING CONTRACT EXISTED: FIRM OFFER WITH ESSENTIAL TERMS ACCEPTED: NAME OF SELLER INFERRED FROM PREVIOUS DEALINGS BETWEEN PARTIES: DAMAGES FOR NON-ACCEPTANCE UNDER SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979, SECTIONS 50(2) AND (3) NOT EXCLUDED BY CLAUSE 32.1 OF BP 2007 GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR CFR SALES'''
DMC/SandT/15/08
'''England'''
'''PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC & Product Shipping and Trading SA v OW Bunker Malta Limited & ING Bank NV, the “RES COGITANS”'''
'''English High Court; Males J; [2015] EWHC 2022 (Comm) 14 July 2015:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/PST_Energy_7_Shipping_&_Product_Shipping_and_Trading_v_OW_Bunker_Malta_&_ING_Bank_the_Res_Cognitans]]
'''ARBITRATION ACT 1996 S.69 APPEAL: BUNKER SUPPLY CONTRACT ON CREDIT TERMS: RETENTION OF TITLE CLAUSE: PARTIES CONTEMPLATED BUNKERS WOULD LIKELY BE CONSUMED BEFORE PAYMENT MADE AND TITLE PASSED: WHETHER SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979 APPLICABLE: WHETHER REQUIREMENTS OF S.49 MET'''
DMC/SandT/14/17
'''Singapore'''
'''Singapore Court of Appeal'''
'''Out of the Box Pte Ltd v Wanin Industries Pte Ltd [2013] SGCA 15:'''
'''Sundaresh Menon CJ, Chao Hick Tin JA and Andrew Phang Boon Leong JA: 6 February 2013: [2013] 2 SLR 363:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Out_of_the_Box_v_Wanin_Industries]]'''
'''CONTRACT: REMOTENESS OF DAMAGE: BEVERAGE DISTRIBUTOR ENGAGING MANUFACTURER TO PRODUCE NEW SPORTS DRINK: MANUFACTURER UNAWARE OF DISTRIBUTOR’S PLAN TO PROMOTE POPULAR DEMAND FOR GENERIC DRINK THROUGH AGGRESSIVE ADVERTISING: MANUFACTURER SUPPLYING DEFECTIVE SHIPMENT OF DRINKS IN BREACH OF CONTRACT: ABANDONMENT OF PROMOTION: WHETHER WASTED ADVERTISING EXPENSES CLAIMED BY DISTRIBUTOR TOO REMOTE'''
DMC/SandT/14/13
'''England'''
'''Proton Energy Group SA v Orlen Lietuva'''
'''English Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court): HH Judge Mackie QC: [2013] EWHC 2872 (Comm): [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Proton_Energy_Group_v_Orlen_Lietuva]]
'''CONTRACT: CONTRACT FOR SALE OF OIL BLEND: EXISTENCE OF BINDING CONTRACT: PARTIES REGARDED THEMSELVES AS BEING BOUND AFTER DEAL WAS CONFIRMED: SPECIFICATION OF OIL BLEND NOT FORMING PART OF SALE BY DESCRIPTION'''
DMC/SandT/14/08
'''England'''
'''Martrade Shipping & Transport GmbH V United Enterprises Corporation (The “Wisdom C”):[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Martrade_Shipping_and_Transport_v_United_Entreprises_-_The_Wisdom_C]]'''
English High Court, Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court); Popplewell J; [2014] EWHC 1884 (Comm); 12 June 2014
'''TIMECHARTER PROVIDING FOR ENGLISH LAW AND LONDON ARBITRATION: ARBITRATORS AWARDING PENAL RATE OF INTEREST: WHETHER “SIGNIFICANT CONNECTION” BETWEEN CHARTERPARTY AND ENGLAND: WHETHER “APPLICABLE LAW” A FOREIGN LAW: LATE PAYMENT OF COMMERCIAL DEBTS (INTEREST) ACT 1998: ARTICLES 3 AND 4 – CONTRACTS (APPLICABLE LAW) ACT 1990'''
'''England'''
'''Flame SA v Glory Wealth Shipping Pte Ltd'''
'''English Commercial Court: Teare J: [2013] EWHC 3153 (Comm): 22 October 2013:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Flame_SA_v_Glory_Wealth_Shipping]]'''
'''CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHTMENT: REPUDIATION: QUANTUM OF DAMAGES: COMPENSATORY PRINCIPLE: WHETHER INNOCENT PARTY MUST PROVE ABILITY TO PERFORM OBLIGATIONS, HAD CONTRACT CONTINUED, TO RECOVER SUBSTANTIAL DAMAGES FROM CONTRACT BREAKER'''
DMC/SandT/14/03
'''England'''
'''Sea-Cargo Skips AS v State Bank of India'''
'''English High Court: Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court): Teare J: [2013] EWHC 177 (Comm): 26 June 2013:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Sea-Cargo_Skips_AS_v_State_Bank_of_India]]'''
'''SHIPBUILDING CONTRACT: REFUND GUARANTEE: QUESTION OF CONSTRUCTION: WHETHER DEMAND WAS SUFFICIENT TO TRIGGER BANK’S LIABILITY: AMBIGUOUS DEMAND NOT COMPLIANT'''
DMC/SandT/13/17
'''England'''
'''MRI Trading AG v Erdenet Mining Corporation LLC'''
'''English Court of Appeal: Pill, Tomlinson, McCombe LJJ: [2013] EWCA Civ 156: 08 Mar 2013:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/MRI_Trading_v_Erdenet_Mining_Corporation]]'''
'''SALE OF GOODS: CERTAINTY OF CONTRACT TERMS: WHETHER TERMS AMOUNTED TO 'AGREEMENTS TO AGREE': PROPER APPROACH TO CONSTRUCTION AND IMPLICATION OF TERMS WITHIN A CONTRACT WHICH CONTAINS TERMS LEAVING MATTERS TO BE SUBSEQUENTLY AGREED'''
DMC/SandT/13/13
'''England'''
'''Griffon Shipping LLC v Firodi Shipping Limited – The “MV Griffon”'''
'''High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, Commercial Court: Teare J.: [2013] EWHC 593 (Comm): 21 March 2013:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Griffon_Shipping_v_Firodi_Shipping_-_The_Griffon ]]
'''SHIPSALE AGREEMENT ON NORWEGIAN SALE FORM 1993: WHETHER SELLER CAN RECOVER UNPAID DEPOSIT WHERE BUYER IN REPUDIATORY BREACH'''
DMC/SandT/13/12
'''England'''
'''Wuhan Guoyu Logistics Group Co Ltd & Anor v Emporiki Bank of Greece SA'''
'''English Court of Appeal: Longmore, Rimer and Tomlinson, LJJ.: [2012] EWCA Civ 1629:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Wuhan_Guoyu_Logistics_v_Emporiki_Bank]]'''
'''SHIPBUILDING CONTRACT: PAYMENT GUARANTEE: WHETHER PAYMENT GUARANTEE A TRUE GUARANTEE OR AN ON-DEMAND BOND'''
DMC/SandT/13/11
'''England'''
'''Dalmare SpA v Union Maritime Ltd & Anor'''
'''English High Court: Queen’s Bench Division: Commercial Court; Flaux J; [2012] EWHC 3537; 13 Dec 2012:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Dalmare_v_Union_Maritime_-_The_Union_Power]]
'''SALE OF VESSEL "AS SHE WAS AT THE TIME OF INSPECTION": STATUTORY IMPLIED TERM AS TO QUALITY UNDER SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979: WHETHER SELLERS HAD EXCLUDED APPLICATION OF STATUTORY IMPLIED TERM; WHETHER SELLERS IN BREACH OF STATUTORY IMPLIED TERM'''
DMC/SandT/13/02
'''England'''
'''Wuhan Ocean Economic & Technical Cooperation Co Ltd v Schiffahrts-Gesellschaft “Hansa Murcia” MBH & Co KG'''
'''English Queen’s Bench (Commercial Court): Cooke J: [2012] EWHC 3104 (Comm): 6 November 2012:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Wuhan_Ocean_v_Hansa_Murcia]]'''
'''CONTRACT FOR CONSTRUCTION OF VESSEL: ADDENDUM FOR SELLERS TO OBTAIN EXTENSION OF REFUND GUARANTEE: IMPLIED TERM TO OBTAIN EXTENSION WITHIN REASONABLE TIME BEFORE EXPIRY OF ORIGINAL GUARANTEE: INNOMINATE TERM: BUT BREACH OF IMPLIED TERM NOT A REPUDIATORY BREACH AS, UNDER THE TERMS OF THE GUARANTEE, BUYERS COULD MAINTAIN THE SECURITY BY COMMENCING ARBITRATION'''
DMC/SandT/12/09
'''England'''
'''Acergy Shipping Ltd v. Société Bretonne De Réparation Navale SAS'''
'''Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court): David Steel J: [2011] EWHC 2490 (Comm): 5 October 2011: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Acergy_Shipping_v_Société_Bretonne_de_Réparation_Navale]]
'''CONTRACT FOR PROVISION OF REPAIR SERVICES TO VESSEL: FIRE CAUSING DAMAGE BEYOND REPAIR WORK UNDERTAKEN: INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACT: SCOPE OF INDEMNITY CONTAINED THEREIN'''
DMC/SandT/12/08
'''England'''
'''Geofizika DD v. MMB International Limited and Greenshields Cowie & Co Ltd: “The Green Island”'''
'''English Court of Appeal; Lord Neuberger, Thomas LJ, and Sir Nicholas Wall; [2010] EWCA Civ 459, [2010] 2 Lloyds Rep 1; 28 April 2010: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Geofizika_v_MMB_International_-_The_Green_Island]]
'''INCOTERMS 2000 CIP: CARRIAGE ON DECK: OBLIGATIONS OF FREIGHT FORWARDER: CONTRACTUAL INTERPRETATION: CAUSATION'''
DMC/SandT/12/05
'''England'''
'''Thai Maparn Trading Co Ltd v Louis Dreyfus Commodities Asia Pte Ltd (The “Med Salvador” and “Goa”)'''
'''English Commercial Court: Beatson J: [2011] EWHC 2494 (Comm): 4 October 2011:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Thai_Maparn_Trading_v_Louis_Dreyfus_Commodities]]'''
'''INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS: FOB CONTRACT: WHETHER BUYERS IN BREACH OF CONDITION PRECEDENT IN CONTRACT BY FAILING TO ISSUE 7 DAY ETA OF VESSEL: WHETHER SELLERS IN REPUDIATORY/RENUNCIATORY BREACH BY REJECTING BUYERS’ NOTICE AND STATING THAT CARGO WOULD NOT BE READY IN TIME'''
DMC/12/02
'''England'''
'''ASTRAZENECA UK LIMITED v. ALBEMARLE INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION and ALBEMARLE CORPORATION'''
'''English High Court; Flaux J; [2011] EWHC 1574 (Comm); 21 June 2011:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Astrazeneca_UK_v_Albemarle_International]]'''
'''CONTRACT: CLAUSES GRANTING THE RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL: EXCLUSION CLAUSES AND DELIBERATE BREACH'''
DMC/SandT/11/28
'''England'''
'''Rainy Sky SA v Kookmin Bank'''
'''UK Supreme Court: Lord Phillips, Lord Mance, Lord Kerr, Lord Clarke and Lord Wilson: [2011] UKSC 50: 2 November 2011[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Rainy_Sky_v_Kookmin_Bank]]'''
'''SHIPBUILDING: LETTER OF GUARANTEE: CONTRACTUAL INTERPRETATION BEING A UNITARY PROCESS: ROLE OF COMMERCIAL CONSIDERATIONS: WEIGHT TO BE GIVEN TO VIEW OF COMMERCIAL JUDGE'''
DMC/11/25
'''England'''
'''Conarken Group Limited and Farrell Transport Limited v. Network Rail Infrastructure Limited'''
'''English Court of Appeal; Pill, Moore-Bick, and Jackson LJJ; [2011] EWCA Civ 644, 27 May 2011:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Conarken_v_Network_Rail]]
'''TORT: DAMAGES: SUMS PAYABLE UNDER VICTIM’S CONTRACTS WITH THIRD PARTIES: FORESEEABILITY AND REMOTENESS: REASONABLENESS OF CALCULATIONS'''
DMC/SandT/11/22
'''England'''
Suek AG v Glencore International AG
Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court): Burton J: [2011] EWHC 1361 (Comm): 27 May 2011:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Suek_v_Glencore_International]]
'''CARRIAGE OF GOODS: CIF CONTRACT: CONSTRUCTION: ENTITLEMENT TO GIVE NOTICE OF READINESS: CONCURRENT CAUSES LEADING TO DELAY IN BERTHING: COMMENCEMENT OF LAYTIME'''
DMC/SandT/11/20
'''England'''
'''Great Eastern Shipping Co Ltd v. (1) Far East Chartering Ltd (2) Binani Cement Ltd'''
'''English High Court, Queen’s Bench Division: Judge Mackie QC: [2011] EWHC 1372 (Comm): 27 May 2011:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Great_Eastern_Shipping_v_Far_East_Chartering]]'''
'''WHETHER SHIPOWNER ENTITLED TO ENFORCE LETTER OF INDEMNITY GIVEN BY RECEIVER TO CHARTERER FOR DELIVERY OF CARGO WITHOUT PRESENTATION OF BILLS OF LADING: CONTRACTS (RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES) ACT 1999: WHETHER LETTER GIVEN TO CHARTERER: WHETHER CARGO “DELIVERED”: WHETHER LETTER OF INDEMNITY UNENFORCEABLE ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY: WHETHER OWNERS ENTITLED TO RECOVER UNDER A UNILATERAL CONTRACT'''
DMC/SandT/11/17
'''The Netherlands'''
'''HDI-Gerling Industrie Versicherung AG et al v APM Terminals Rotterdam B.V.
The ‘Pretoria’'''
'''Court of Rotterdam: Ms P.A.M van Schouwenburg –Laan, LJN:BO0063, September 29, 2010:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/HDI-Gerling_v_APM_Terminals]]'''
'''STEVEDORE DAMAGE TO VESSEL DURING LOADING: WHETHER STEVEDORES LIABLE FOR THE DAMAGE CAUSED UNDER DUTCH LAW: BURDEN OF PROOF'''
DMC/SandT/11/16
'''United Kingdom Supreme Court'''
'''Jones v. Kaney'''
'''UK Supreme Court; Lords Philips, Hope, Brown, Collins, Kerr, Dyson, Lady Hale; [2011] UKSC 13; 30 March 2011:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Jones_v_Kaney]]
'''REMOVAL OF EXPERT WITNESS IMMUNITY IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS'''
DMC/SandT/11/13
'''England'''
'''Shell Egypt West Manzala GmbH and another v Dana Gas Egypt Limited'''
'''Queen’s Bench Division (Commercial Court): Tomlinson J: [2010] EWHC 465 (Comm): 10 March 2010:[[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Shell_Egypt_v_Dana_Gas]]'''
'''CONTRACT: JOINT VENTURE FOR GAS EXPLORATION: REPUDIATORY BREACH COMMITTED BY ONE PARTY: INNOCENT PARTY TERMINATED CONTRACT BASED ON WRONG BELIEF THAT CONTRACTUAL TERMINATION CLAUSE WAS TRIGGERED: WHETHER INNOCENT PARTY COULD JUSTIFY TERMINATION OF CONTRACT'''
DMC/SandT/2011/12
'''England'''
'''Choil Trading SA v Sahara Energy Resources Limited (The “Prem Mala”)'''
'''English Commercial Court: Christopher Clarke J: [2010] EWHC 374 (Comm): 26 February 2010: [[http://www.onlinedmc.co.uk/index.php/Choil_Trading_v_Sahara_Energy-Resources]]'''
'''SALE OF GOODS CARRIED BY SEA: FOB SALE CONTRACT: CIF ON-SALE CONTRACTS: QUANTIFICATION OF DAMAGES FOR DELIVERY OF CONTAMINATED GOODS IN BREACH OF FOB CONTRACT: RECOVERABILITY OF HEDGING LOSSES INCURRED IN MITIGATION IN RELATION TO CIF CONTRACTS: WHETHER TRUE CONSTRUCTION OF FOB CONTRACT EXEMPTION CLAUSE EXCLUDED RECOVERY OF HEDGING AND ADDITIONAL EXPENSES/COSTS INCURRED AS A RESULT OF BREACH OF CONTRACT'''
DMC/SandT/11/11
